Does Herodotus believe in Cultural Relativism Essay

For its time and place, The Histories of Herodotus is a work of remarkably expansive scope. To set the stage for the wars between Greece and Persia ( 490-479 B. C. ), Herodotus describes the geographical and cultural background and reviews the political history of Lydia, Media, Babylon, Egypt, Persia, Scythia, Libya, Ionia, and various Greek city-states in Asia Minor, on the Aegean islands, and on the European mainland. To record the results of his â€Å"research† (historie, in Greek) with the greatest vigor and accuracy, Herodotus traveled to many of these places and gathered firsthand data from native informants. For this type of research, in the words of a modern commentator, Herodotus merits the title not only of the father of history; he is also the father of comparative anthropology. Among the various classes of information which Herodotus seems to have emphasized, thus suggesting a pattern for later descriptions, were marriage customs, religious rites, burial practices, and food habits. The description of these four categories of traits, or â€Å"social institutions,† were not necessarily executed in the round for every tribe that happened to stroll across the pages of the Histories; but they were mentioned often enough to indicate the direction taken by his curiosity, and the content of the questions he probably put to informants. Herodotus, the ancient Greek, was a cheerful, inquisitive, rationalistic extrovert who traveled over his world to discover the facts, who took delight in telling a good story but usually avoided the temptation to wander very far from sober common sense. His cultural relativism is well known and much discussed, but it is particularly noteworthy that Greeks and barbarians are placed on a equal footing at the outset. Distinctions between Greek and non-Greek break down as the work progresses: the first barbarian for whom we get any detailed information is the Hellenized Lydian king, Croesus; the divisions of lands customary among the Greeks that separate Greek and non-Greek peoples are purely arbitrary; we learn of the Phoenician descent of Sparta’s kings; and Herodotus states that the descendants of Perseus came to be counted as Greeks. The key dichotomy is not the Hellenic-barbarian bipolarity, but rather the opposition of the ordered society based on law and the arbitrary rule of the despot. But political and social institutions are fragile structures, and Herodotus gives no guarantee that the Greek superiority at the time of the Persian Wars, which was based upon those institutions, will last. In fact his work closes on an ominous note that appears to warn imperial Athens that it is in danger of becoming, if it has not already become, the barbarian. We are presented with the gruesome picture of the crucifixion of the Persian satrap Artayctes at the command of the Athenian commander Xanthippus, father of Pericles, and a piece of wisdom from the Persian founding father, Cyrus, on the dangers of success and affluence. And it is well to remember that Herodotus wrote long after the Persian threat had passed, when Athenian imperial power was at its apogee. Herodotos’ interest in reciprocity is symptomatic of contemporary philosophy, not least in Ionia. Moreover, Herodotos’ very project, his attempt to explain and explore the Persian Wars, can be considered as a study of reciprocity in cross-cultural interaction, not least because those wars were for Herodotos a stage in a reciprocal, cross-cultural process, as he asserts in the proem. Indeed, war itself may be seen as an exchange, a reciprocal undertaking: the tactics of the Skythian Idanthyrsos allow him to wage war while explicitly rejecting the relationship that war usually entails. Herodotos’ origins in western Asia Minor, a key area of interface between Greek and non-Greek culture, may have led him to give particular thought to the issue of cross-cultural reciprocity, as also to the Persian Wars, for which the Ionian Revolt had been the catalyst, if not the cause. At the same time, the justice and injustice of imperialism remained a burning issue through the fifth century into the fourth, and not only Persian imperialism, but also Athenian, Spartan, and Macedonian. The Persian Wars were the great antecedents of the Peloponnesian War, in the early years of which Herodotos seems to have completed his work. The Persians themselves continued to play a major role in the politics of the Greek world: the onset of the Peloponnesian War seems to have inspired new attempts to deal with them, and with other non-Greeks, as indicated in comic style in Aristophanes’ Akharnians of 425 BC. 25 This is understandable, for it was to be Persian resources that would give ultimate victory to the Spartans in that war. Thus, it is quite possible that crosscultural reciprocity was a topical concern in Athens and elsewhere when Herodotos completed his work, though the issue had been close to the centre of Greek preoccupations at least since the time of the Persian Wars, Herodotos’ subject. The Persian Wars had reinforced a Hellenic self-image, defined by contrast with the ‘barbarian’ identity, and had thereby further problematized relationships between Greek and non-Greek. In particular, Greeks (especially Athenians, perhaps) could and did use their defeat of Persia as confirmation of a broader superiority over the barbarian. In exploring the difficulties of forming relationships with the ‘other’, Herodotos’ Histories present readers with failures and disasters, arising primarily from ignorance, over-confidence, and cultural chauvinism. There is a definite element of pessimism in the Histories, for the inability to penetrate beyond contingent nomoi and thereby to see ‘other’ as ‘self’ is taken to be an observable feature of human nature, as manifested throughout the narrative. In particular, wars are seen to be the products of injustice and attendant ignorance. But there is also hope; for the author claims for himself the ability to rise above commonplace failings and offers to provide his readers with a better understanding of themselves, of others, and of reciprocity. Like Kroisos, the reader may pass into a state of deeper understanding through advice confirmed by experience. Where Kroisos had the advice of Solon and suffered personal disaster, the reader has the advice of Herodotos the author and suffers vicarious disaster, ‘experiencing experiences’. Baldry notices that Herodotos calls into question the whole dichotomy between Greek and barbarian, when he presents the Egyptian perspective, according to which barbarians are not those who do not speak Greek, but those who do not speak Egyptian. At the same time, as Laurot has shown, Herodotos displays no interest in condemning barbarians as such, nor in subordinating them to Greeks. Rather, his presentation in the Histories of nomoi of the barbarian ‘other’ offers insights into the nomoi of the Greek ‘self’ (or better, ‘selves’), insofar as the various Greek nomoi constitute Herodotos’ principal frame of reference and benchmark. However, as Rosellini and Said valuably stress, Herodotos does not present the barbarian ‘other’ as a monolithic unity, any more than he presents the Greeks themselves as a unity: rather he ranges across the different nomoi that exist among barbarians and through the complexities of interaction between various barbarian peoples. The Histories are not so much a mirror, as Hartog would have it, but a hall of mirrors with multiple reflections. The key point is that in the Histories cultural differences, however profound they may be, are presented as secondary to a common human nature and a common human condition: in that sense too Greek is barbarian, ‘self’ is ‘other’. The categories of Greek and barbarian are familiar to Herodotos, but on his view, as the proem indicates, they need not entail the subordination of the barbarian, whose achievements are to be celebrated also. For Herodotos, it is humanness that is the natural identity and the group identity that matters, and man-made variations are merely contingent, for all their exotic character and interest. Confirmation of such a view of Herodotos may be found in the condemnatory response of Plutarch, for whom Herodotos is far too positive about barbarians. The ferocity of Plutarch’s response (indeed, his very decision to write a response at all) further indicates the strength of the challenge that Herodotos’ case presented to the smug asseverations of Greek specialness that seem to have developed through the fifth century and which Plutarch in his day assumed to be right and proper. Cross-cultural interaction was central to Herodotos’ project in the Histories. At the same time, the problematic nature of reciprocity the uncertainty that arises from its under-negotiation — is particularly apparent in interaction across cultures. Indeed, Herodotos’ concern with the problematics of reciprocity as a phenomenon can be seen as intimately bound up with his concern with cross-cultural interaction. Of course, Herodotos’ starting-point is a matter of mere speculation. But we can and should observe the organic relationship between cross-cultural interaction, crosscultural reciprocity, and the problematics of reciprocity as a phenomenon. It is precisely within the problematics of cross-cultural reciprocity that the appreciation of cultural relativism is particularly necessary. Therefore, if we move from the claim, already mentioned, that there is a strong sense in which the Histories are about reciprocity to ask why Herodotos should be so interested in the phenomenon, I would suggest that an answer is to be found not in the topicality of reciprocity as a theme in the later fifth century, but in the rationale of Herodotos’ very undertaking. A broadlybased treatment of the Persian Wars by its very nature invites a simultaneous and inherent treatment of reciprocity as a phenomenon. To examine societies is to explore forms of reciprocities. All the more so, when societies invite comparisons through their It also seems clear that Herodotus approached the task of describing manners and customs with a fairly definite idea of what constituted a culture, and a fairly specific set of questions for evoking details from informants. The criteria which separated one group from another and gave individuality to his descriptive portraits were common descent, common language, common religion, and the observance of like manners in the smaller details of living, such as dress, diet, and dwellings. The Argippeans, who lived at the foot of the Ural Mountains, were presented vividly as being bald from birth, speaking a language of their own, using no weapons, dispensing justice in the quarrels of their neighbors, and dressing after the manner of the Scythians. They lived on the juice of a species of cherry, making the lees into a solid cake which they ate instead of meat. They dwell each man,† he said, â€Å"under a tree, covering it in winter with a white felt cloth, but using no felt in summer. † For each group, in other words, seven categories of cultural fact are given. We are told their geographical location and something of their environment. We are told of their language, their dress, their food, their dwellings, their form of self-defense, or their lack of it, their prestige as judges among other peoples. On the other hand, concerning Egypt, one of the more important culture areas, Herodotus says at the outset that he will have to extend his remarks to some length. This country–its climate, its people and animals–was a constant surprise and challenge to the observer, very much as Japan with its customs and Australia with its fauna have challenged the modern traveller. For the Egyptians the number of cultural categories evoked far exceeds the seven used in describing the Argippeans. As for history, Bodin’s belief in its power to confer knowledge concerning the ways of mankind was unfaltering; and much of both the Methodus and the Republique is devoted to the assemblage of documentation to support this contention. Never before perhaps had a writer on politics or ethnography amassed so large a body of dated materials or laid so large a literature under tribute. He was well-read, not only in the law and the Bible, but in the Talmud and the Cabala; in the ancients, including Herodotus, Strabo, Cicero, Tacitus, and Caesar; in the modern historians, such as Joinville, Froissart, Monstrelet, Commines; and in the travelers, Marco Polo, Leo Africanus, and Las Casas. As they err, said he, â€Å"who study the maps of regions before they have learned accurately the relation of the whole universe and the separate parts to each other and to the whole, so they are not less mistaken who think they can understand particular histories before they have judged the order and sequence of universal history and of all times, set forth as it were in a table. †

China, India, and Wal-Mart: Issues of Price and Sourcing

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New York City in 1854 - Term Paper Example What a city! I just arrived to New York this morning; you cannot imagine the traffic and the people bustling all over the streets. I will be staying at Bixby's Hotel here in the heart of the city, on Broadway. It will cost me .50 cents a night, but that is rather affordable since breakfast is not included. I have already done some window-shopping here on Broadway, the place is covered with fashion; Tiffany & Company, Brooks Brothers, etc Fancy chandeliers, jewelry, and hand-painted china decorate the windows. Next to the hotel is the W & J Sloan Warehouse. I will be sure to take a look at their carpets, as that would be a nice gift to take back home to the family. Many of the fine ladies here wear patent leather shoes and their dresses are adorned with silk and lace. However, the workers in the shops are not as well dressed. All I see, shop after shop, are worn tired laborers, women and children included! Some of these women even offer laundry and mending services to earn extra money apart from their daily work in the shops. It is a shame. I will write more tomorrow.Day two in the big city! I did some exploring this afternoon and came across a neighborhood that is completely different than what I saw on Broadway. The streets have yet to be graded and the houses are shuttered. I saw a lovely church there, near Third Avenue; it is St. Stephen's Roman Catholic Church. All though it appears to be relatively new, the neighborhood itself portrays a different time in New York with gas lamps lining the street and it lacks the hustle and bustle of Broadway.

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Learning from Mentors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Learning from Mentors - Research Paper Example ed as â€Å"the intellectual and moral empowerment of human beings to achieve personal goals that matter, not only for oneself, but for a pluralistic and just future.† (Wlodkowski, 2008) Mentoring is a learning process between a mentor who is usually a senior or someone more experienced in the job, and a mentee who is usually a junior or someone in need of training. Recent studies tackle this process as something that is not limited between just two people. There are three types of which is discussed in a recent study namely one- on- one mentoring, group mentoring and training and encouragement toward mentoring. It is a process which improves members to be more proficient for the organization. (Goodyear, 2006) As aforementioned, mentoring has long been known as a one- on- one process between to people but it no longer stands only as such. A recent breakthrough by Kathleen Kram conceptualized â€Å"development network† in mentoring. In this process mentees can seek guidance not only from one specific mentor, but from a number of mentors. It also allows a mutual learning process for both mentor and mentee, in such a way that even seniors (mentors) can consult mentees (juniors) on topics and areas that they need to gain more knowledge from. In addition to this, learning is not limited in knowledge and skills training for work but also role modeling and psychosocial support. This â€Å"development network† is indeed a social adult learning venue in nurturance to individuals in the company. (Goodyear, 2006) Mentoring has become more positively susceptible to adult learning because of the recent advancements in its structure. It has become a continuous absorption of knowledge, skills and values in a setting conducive for the social health of any company’s work force. The new structure also debunks problems that were observed in the past such as complications with mentor responsibilities over assigned mentee. Focus on mentor to mentee and mutual learning is especially

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King Henry VIII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

King Henry VIII - Essay Example In 1503, Henry became the Prince of Wales and in that very year his mother and grandmother were gathered unto their forefathers. In the year 1509, his father passed away and he ascended the throne as Henry the VIII (HENRY VIII (r. 1509-1547)). At that time England was an isolated kingdom in Europe. It had limited natural resources. England was surrounded by the sea on three sides. Scotland was to its north. The Scots were inimical to the English they joined forces with France, which was also an enemy of England. His father Henry VII had strived hard to restore independence to England and to enrich it in all respects. In order to achieve these goals, Henry VII had executed his opponents and enemies and annexed their properties in England. He had increased the amount of taxes to enrich the crown. He was disinterested in wars as they depleted the wealth of the nation. His son had totally different ideas in this respect and after his coronation; he adopted novel means to expand the power of England and to make it the greatest power in Europe (Kishlansky). Henry VIII was inimical of France and in the year 1513, he mounted a successful campaign against the French. This infuriated the Scots who waged a war against England. This engagement was famous as the Battle of Flodden Field. In that battle, the armies of Henry established their supremacy over that of the Scots. James IV, the king of Scotland was killed in that battle (Kishlansky). Henry VIII played the role of an arbitrator between France and Spain. He provoked these countries to wage war against each other, in order to assume a superior position in Europe. His subsequent military operations were failures. In the year 1520, Henry met with the king of France, Francis I, in France. Their meeting was a spectacular event in Europe. Despite, the existence of diplomatic relations with each other, they were unable to stop the

Report for Technical Writing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Report for Technical Writing - Coursework Example (Asner, 2000).The technical section will have the details regarding the vendor’s projects, time line and entire schedule that are designed to complete the project. The time cost section will contain information regarding the time that the vendor has specified. The proposal may include a reference section that shows the reference used in preparing the proposal. Before preparing the request for proposal, the information regarding the vendors and the companies must be properly known. This will help in the easy development of the request for proposal. The RFP must be prepared in such a way that it is easy to understand and evaluate. This will enable the vendors to establish a connection between the developers. The people who request for the proposals specify a completion date before which the proposal has to be prepared. The important factor in the preparation of request for proposal is the ability to deliver well in advance. The RFP must be distributed only to vendors who have the ability to make use of the proposal. To accomplish this, the people who prepare the proposal must provide the vendors with sufficient time so that they can analyze the proposal. Once the request for proposal is completed, the vendor and organization analysis must be carried out to find the organizations that are interested. (Asner, 2000).The audience must be properly decided before preparing the RFP. Since most of the organizations do not have people who can prepare such proposals, the opportunities for preparing such proposals are given to the private agencies. The request for proposals will ensure that the information provided by the vendor is completely included in the format of

Seeking An MBA From The University Of Chicago Graduate School Of Essay

Seeking An MBA From The University Of Chicago Graduate School Of Business - Essay Example Although I have a highly technical background, I have competitively assumed the positions of a vendor, client and service provider. Despite the tough times I had while starting, I believe that my management skills have substantially helped me efficiently perform various tasks at hand and led me to where I am now. However, I often wonder how I would have played these roles if I had been equipped with a management degree. I always believe that one will be in much more confident if he/she has the necessary skills for any position before taking it. Bearing these in mind, here I am seeking admission into one of the best schools in the world, aiming to make a substantial contribution to the organization and further hone my skills for the years to come. Pondering upon my career history, I have come to realize that learning experientially is invaluable. Experience enhances critical thinking and propensity for self-direction in learning. The roles I have played are quite challenging for these stints are unique and demand a great deal of thought and hard work. As I have grown in the organization from a programmer to program manager to product manager, I have imbibed all aspects of product management.

Healthy Grief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healthy Grief - Essay Example The positive attitude develops as a result of someone acknowledging that the departed person or item is irreversible. The acknowledgment will help a person to act a near normal in case of departure. The positive attitude towards grief is what the psychologists refers to as a healthy grief. There are five stages that are involved when helping a bereaved person to recover from the grief. The grieving process established by Kubler-Ross projects some reactions that Job underwent in his life that is described in the Bible. The denial stage is the beginning point of the healing process. At this stage, the bereaved person will want to deny his or her real situation that he or she is facing (Kubler-Ross, 1969, p. 140). In other words, as the term denial suggests, the person will want to focus on other issues in order to feel like he or she is acting on the normal life. Drawing the perspective from the biblical account of Job, after all his children and animals died, he acted as though there was nothing happened to him. He preferred to suggest that all he had was given to him by God and if he had decided to take it back; he had no other measure to deal with the situation. The second stage that forms part of Kubler-Ross grief process is that of anger (Kubler-Ross, 1969). Shortly after the denial process, the bereaved person will come to the reality that he or she has lost a dear one or a property that is so valuable. There is an increase of emotional pain that affect the bereaved person (Nithyananda, 2007, p. 175). The person begins to be troubled by questions regarding the cause of the loss. For example, you will hear people asking, why did this happened to me? The power of anger in manifested in many ways and blames will arise towards himself and to others. In the Biblical story of Job, we see him having anger in the way he tore his clothes and went into the road and stayed without food. The only thing he did was to sit on the road

The Roles of Women Essay Example for Free

The Roles of Women Essay History tends to present the social advances made by women as a result of progress itself up as the result of a process in which, in any case, women do not have influenced. However, the reconstruction of history shows that women have achieved social gains only where and when it has been women fighting and starring those conquests. They were the struggles of many women, allowing us to enjoy rights today in the very near past were denied. While not change the societies in which we live, will basically claims and successes of the women who allow further progress on equality. Women, like men, have opinions and attitudes very different political and ideological because they have very different interests, but as human beings have a common set of rights ranging from the right to work, freedom of expression, to participate actively in politics, to study, and also to the well-deserved rest after long days of work, the right to leisure, culture and recreational aspects. Ridiculing the issues affecting womens rights is a strategy that has always worked the most immobile of society. Read more:  Essay About Role of Women in Modern Society Often, many of the problems women have been problems invisible from the double day (at work and at home) to the so-called glass ceiling (no explicit barrier often find women to reach positions managers in public and private companies). The fact of trying to keep women hidden at home has been a way to keep it hidden. What is not there. But the new woman, a woman with rights, has come forward just to go to work outside the home and to get to demand what belongs to without feeling bad about it, in short, be individuals who act accordingly. What is happening right now in the feminist movement raises a number of considerations: first, feminism is currently visible mainly in academia, in research and in the statement of social change, but more sparingly in the opinion public. As a social movement, apparently is not very active. However, women are coming forward and in many countries there have been significant advances in recent years. The main cause for this to happen is that education is necessary, and in most developed countries is reaching not only equality in higher educational levels, it is being done more fruitful tilization degrees. The process that the female gender is suffering for years is so unstoppable that most of the public has assumed that this is one of the main drivers of social change today. Changes made to achieve formal equality and affirmative action to advance true equality have been useful tools for the equality of women. But my question is this analysis of social change and equality is correct? Despite this, it is the female role that has suffered the most profound changes in recent decades. Today, even in developing countries, we see a more empowered woman who is gaining ground in the workplace and political. However, to redefine the role of women, what happens to the male role? On the other hand, man has maintained a passive stance in this process of change, it is hoped that things will happen and today we speak of a masculinity in crisis. Speaking of the new male, less all powerful and more sensitive, is not easy. Generates some scary to think how important issues such as live new parenthood, new sexuality, etc.. But it was not just the fault of man be lagging behind in this way. The main problem is that we are, as a society, unable to integrate it into the discourse of new social roles in a positive, constructive and actionable. However, from a total inequality, perceived as logical and long assumed by women themselves have come to the current situation in which there is formal equality but social reality is quite different. To get to talk XXI century, we must take into account what has been the evolution of the history that has brought us to where we are now: †¢ In the Middle Ages, between the ninth and thirteenth centuries creates socioeconomic and political structure known by the name of feudalism. The woman was in a very adverse legal situation as it was subordinate to men, their role, at this time, is more active than in later periods. The noble woman devoted primarily to the care of the mansion, said to the servants, handles and serves delicacies, sporadically, the education of young children. The religious women: The monasteries played a very useful role in the Middle Ages as they were the daughters shelter did not marry, only way to access other culture and solution for women who were not out to poor economic situation. †¢ Rural women: Regardless of marital status, rural women had to work to earn their livelihood and that of his sharing this activity with the housework. †¢ Women in cities: In the eleventh century begins participation of women in female occupations that develop in the boroughs. In times of economic expansion, the woman had access to work without problems, although charged lower wages. During the thirteenth century, womens participation is essential in the garment trades and in the production and sale of food, beverages, leather and metal. While medieval trade and industry were open to women, at the end of this time, when the economic crisis is intensifying, there were significant labor restrictions, were expelled from the guilds and were denied the opportunity to organize, a situation that worsened in later centuries. The Modern Age is a period of profound change that will constitute the foundation of the modern world. The consolidation of the bourgeois class was the largest commitment of women to household chores, they are closing the doors and were devoted more to the internal space of the house, which runs parallel to the exclusion of institutional work, while the man was increasingly responsible for family support. Women participated in small numbers in the productive activity of the cities and working, mostly, were working as maids. Some trades, traditional women are usurped by men and worsen working conditions. Already in the seventeenth century, when it occurs pre-industrial revolution takes place a shift of women to productive sectors marginal. But not all the facts of history have a higher meaning. The French Revolution with the liquidation of the old regime, not only reached the abolition of the French monarchy and the disappearance of titles of nobility, but involves a major change to European civilization. They start making demands and protests by the subordination of women to men. The nineteenth century is characterized by the existence of profound changes in the areas ideological, economic and social, that affect an essential for women, and that fall logically into the major changes taking place in human society, as a result of crises social causes industrial revolution. Specifically, stands the great transfer that occurs in the agricultural sector to the industrial sector, which results in greater inequality in the conditions of life and work of the female population as a whole. Begins at the end of this century, the struggle for access to the professions and higher education. Also, women are the first trade unions, by the refusal to admit women in the male. Leagues were established in several countries in Europe and the United States but eventually the female unionism was absorbed by the tendency to integrate women into male labor organizations. Importantly, from the second half of the nineteenth century, began to be considered the work of women as an instrument of social mobility and not as a temporary solution to help the family in their economic situation. This is what makes the male role, that is, the old patriarchal society begins to fade and begins to generate a gender equality. Having delved into the history of the advancement of women and minor male leadership, we ask the following question: What will be the role of women in the ideal state, ie in the society in which we live? For Plato, the ideal city men and women are trained to perform the same functions as long as they are of the same education. But Socrates asks whether men and women can perform the same tasks considering having different natures. That is, the process of social change for women who have been seeing throughout the trial, remains stalled due to differences between men and women. For years, man is regarded as superior to women. At present these power relations or relations of domination / subordination have been separated from everyday life. This will make a new act of violence against women, in this case by default, to remove or make invisible power relations that exist in other areas, for example in private life to recognize that women are located in the crossroads between production and reproduction, between economic activity and the care and attention of human beings and therefore between economic rowth and human development. Gender Theory clearly states that the power relations are presented in all areas of society, which places them both in public life and in private. It crosses the threshold and light a candle for analyzing relationships in the field of the daily life of the couple and the family. However, despite the development of concepts and relations of power hat has been achieved since feminism is still little knowledge we have about the realization of these relations domination / subordination in private life and the factors that may eventually affect to vary these relationships. Although it is argued that power relations in those involved are not entirely without power, not broken down what the powers that women have rather deepened in their roles as subordinate and falls almost victimization, which prevents display his powers, though limited, to rethink these relationships. The power relations that developed in capitalist society was patriarchal domination / subordination between genders. From the society we live corresponds to a capitalist patriarchal society, we assume that the power relationships that develop are of domination / subordination of male over female. As these relationships are given at all levels of society in the areas of private life and public life. Dominion powers are social, collective and personal, exploit and oppress allow individuals and groups and all types of communities. For Foucault power is a balance of power, and extends saying that power is not a form but a strength. As the force is never singular, since its main feature is to be in relationship with other forces, so that its all relative strength, ie power. In this relation of force men develop relations of oppression while women respond subordination situation that occurs at macro and micro level of public life and the private life. These relationships domination / subordination are complemented by factors such as Foucault posed in the sense that: power is not essentially repressive (since incites, inspires, produces) is exercised rather than possessed; happens dominated by both as dominant. This statement (of which power relations are productive) is challenged by feminist theory, in the sense that productivity is positive if measured from the parameters as defined by patriarchal society, but not for half of the population that responds to relations of domination with subordination, as a form of response that has been imposed. So to the extent that the interest in the profit and social control are inextricably linked, patriarchy and capitalism will be a comprehensive process With these statements we can conclude that the ideas of men and women to equality is different, in addition to current society inequality parked public to the private sphere, using capitalism patriarchal power and this in turn is determined by the needs of capital. Throughout, the paper confirms that the starting point that the power relations are marked by patriarchal society. Power relationships involving dependence of those involved, because they are forced to interact with each other, some have what others do not have, the relationships that occur in a family are dependent, depends both man of the contribution of women in the housework, as the woman of the man brings resources to the financial support of the family. When given a lot of value to the economic contribution of man as breadwinner, and based on this the relations of domination / subordination experienced by women in patriarchal society, is falling into several traps: play the invisibility of reproductive work; ignore that power relations involved who have some kind of power, and replicate the model of society in which it is something that can be assessed monetarily. Reproductive work in capitalist patriarchy is the quintessential way in which society oppresses and becomes invisible to women. Given this historical dominance of men over women, we find an author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, who writes a novel which describes an isolated case of a society composed exclusively of women, which reproduce by parthenogenesis and where the result is an order social ideal, without war, conflict and domination. Does this benefit the equality of women? In capitalist patriarchal society women have the hidden power which is the other side of legitimate power. As discussed in this essay, the power relations that develop in the patriarchal society dependence involve their participants. It has raised the vital dependence of the woman husbands income, but does not consider the dependence, also vital, that man has the services provided by women of reproductive work. In the traditional family woman exchanged domestic services, care and care of children and a number of tasks, for financial support and protection of the husband. According to one of the streams of feminism, the primary objective of this movement was and remains The creation of a truly common space to men and women are used to achieve equality theories. But this equality must be seen as equal rights, not equal identities, which otherwise will benefit of existing male identity. Must make room for the play of differences, individual or collective. Feminist theory proposes building egalitarian relationships, and therefore no power relations between people, but on the basis of that society must create the conditions for everyone to exercise its power to develop their individual capacities, not dominate or subordinate to another. By accepting that power relationships are of dominance / subordination and therefore are two sides of the same reality, overcome these relations involves building cooperative relations, which we will be leaving in the past or dominating or being dominated. To build this world, you must know, visualize and appreciate the female culture that emphasizes the values of cooperation, interdependence, consideration and expressive relationships, instead of instrumental relationships. Thus could transform the hierarchical structure of society.

SIA Airlines Essay Example for Free

SIA Airlines Essay QUESTION:The industry analysis is necessary in the strategic marketing planning in order to identify the opportunities and threats in the competitive environment. Choose the airlines as an industry to apply the Michael Porters five forces model and discuss how one established airline like SIA should respond to the competitive environment, after analyzing the industry. SIA is internationally recognised as one of the worlds leading carriers. The company had recognised that in this highly competitive market, any advantage gained by one airline over others will be short-lived, and ideas that are new will become commonplace in a matter of months. As such, SIA noted the importance of having to always stay at the forefront both in service and technology. This strategy of SIA focuses primarily not on reducing costs, but on enhancing quality or service and preventing any customer problem from arising. SIA has succeeded most uniquely with this type of strategy in the airline industry, a strategy commonly employed in service businesses that command premium prices with high margins, businesses in which there are a high degree of repeat business, with word-of-mouth praise by customers as one of the most important marketing channel. Internally, three cost items account for half of SIAs operating cost: fuel, aircraft depreciation and wages. There is little that can be done with respect to fuel cost except for judicious hedging. As for aircraft cost, SIA is universally acknowledged as being second to none in securing the best prices and purchase terms from aircraft and engine manufacturers. That leaves wages. The airlines fixed wages amount to less than $800 million a year, roughly one tenth of total operating expenditure, a modest proportion indeed. Variable wages comprise the rest, consisting mainly of profit-based bonuses and crew allowances based on actual hours of flying by pilots and cabin attendants. The recent wage cuts were a result not of lavish recruitment or over-indulgent pay rises in the past, but of the cumulative damage wrought by terrorism, war and SARS, and the need to stay competitive as other carriers undergo major restructuring of their cost structures. Externally, the industry analysis has a direct effect on a companys strategic competitiveness and above-average returns. While companies, in this case, our very own SIA, cannot directly control the elements of the general environment, it can influence and will be influenced by factors in the airline industry and competitor environments. The intensity of competition in the airline industry and its profit potential are a function of Michael Porters five forces model of competition: the treats posed by new entrants, the power of suppliers, the power of buyers, product substitutes, and the intensity of rivalry among competitors. Studying these forces allows SIA to find a position in the airline industry where it can buffer itself from the power of the forces in order to increase its ability to earn above-average returns. Threats posed by new entrantsNew entrants to an industry typically bring to it new capacity, a desire to gain market share, and substantial resources (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 61). New entrants to an industry can raise the level of intensity of the competitiveness among companies, thereby reducing its attractiveness. The threat of new entrants largely depends on the barriers to entry obstructions that make it difficult for a company to enter an industry (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 62). High entry barriers exist in some industries (e.g. shipbuilding) whereas other industries are very easy to enter (e.g. estate agency, restaurants). Key barriers to entry include the need to gain economies of scale quickly, the need to gain technology, large capital and investment requirements, high customer switching costs, lack of access to industry distribution channels, the likelihood of retaliation from existing industry players, and potential saturation of the market. Despite all the numerous barriers to entry, new companies sometimes enter industries with higher quality products, lower prices and substantial marketing resources. It is the management strategists job to identify such threats from potential new competitors and to monitor the new rivals strategies, so as to counterattack as needed, and to capitalise on existing strengths and opportunities. Budget airlines such as Air Asia have been emerging in recent times which represent the emerging point-to-point budget model symbolized by Southwest, JetBlue, EasyGroup and RyanAir. With the economy still on its way to recovery, travellers are still reluctant to spend. The low carrier model works best in short-haul point-to-point market where price is extremely important and the deciding factor is price. The advantage of the low-cost model is that it fits well with current consumer demand as budget flights are cheap and offer more attractive deals to such travellers. One important factor for the emerging budget airline is that travellers main concern is to reach a destination. There is always a group of travellers with just this simple need to be satisfied. Those travellers have no need for in-flight or ground-level services. In face of growing competition, SIA would be launching their very own budget carrier called Tiger Airways. I believe that this is a good strategic move by SIA to tackle the threat from the new budget airlines that are entering the industry currently. Power of suppliersSuppliers are the businesses that supply materials other products into the industry (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 64). Suppliers can affect an industry through their ability to raise prices or reduce quantity of supply. The cost of items bought from suppliers (e.g. raw materials, components) can have a significant impact on a companys profitability. The bargaining power of suppliers affects the intensity of competition in an industry especially when there are a large numbers of suppliers, when there are only a few good substitute raw materials, or when the cost of switching raw materials is costly. If suppliers have high bargaining power over a company, then in theory the companys industry is less attractive. Companies should pursue backward vertical integration to gain control or ownership of suppliers. This strategy is effective when suppliers are unreliable, too costly, or not capable of meeting a companys needs on  consistent basis. Companies can negotiate more favourably with suppliers when backward vertical integration is a commonly used strategy among rival companies in an industry. Boeing and Airbus dominate the whole airline industry because they are the two major suppliers of aircrafts. There are no satisfactory substitute products available to airline companies as aircrafts are the only form of commercial air transport. Airlines are not a significant customer group for the two suppliers because they can supply aircrafts to governments/military as well. Boeings and Airbuss aircrafts are critical to the airline companys marketplace success because aircrafts are the most important resource in the airline industry. This in turn leads to high bargaining power of Boeing and Airbus they can increase prices and reduce the quality of their aircrafts, without any retaliation by any airlines including SIA. However, another major supplier of SIA is Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS), which provides ground-handling and in-flight catering services at Changi Airport. It is a subsidiary of Singapore Airlines (SIA) and now has about 80 per cent market share. It is a fine example of vertical integration undertaken by SIA to gain ownership of supplies. SIA was also very successful with other airline-related companies such as SIA Engineering Company which are now large groups of companies based all over Asia, with profits around the $200 million level, a significant proportion contributed by associate companies. Power of buyersBuyers are the people or organisations that create demand in an industry (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 64). When the buyers are concentrated or large, or buy in big volume, their bargaining power represents a force affecting the intensity of competition in an industry. Buyers affect an industry through their ability to force down prices, bargain for higher quality or more services, and play competitors against each other. The bargaining power of buyers is higher when the products being purchased are standard or undifferentiated. Whenever the bargaining power of buyer is substantial, rival companies may offer extended warranties or special services to gain customers loyalty. Air travellers and transportation companies purchase a large portion of the airline industrys total service. The sale of tickets to air travellers and cargo space to transportation companies account for a significant portion of the airline companys annual revenues. Buyer groups experience low switching costs as they can choose one airline company over another, depending on which offers better deals. When there are low switching costs, competitors can attract travellers through pricing and service offerings. As such, buyer groups have high buying bargaining power companies in the airline industry have to be more focused on the needs and desires of their customers in order to better serve and satisfy them. SIAs KrisFlyer gives its members more rewards and privilege that come with travelling so as to gain customer loyalty and to entice repeated sales. This is just one, but excellent, way of better serving and satisfying travellers who have considerable power. Product substitutesSubstitutes are products that appear to be different but can satisfy the same need as another product (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 63). In many industries, companies are in close competition with producers of substitute products in other industries. For example, tea can be considered as a substitute for coffee. According to Porter, substitutes limit the potential returns of an industry by placing a ceiling on the prices companies in the industry can profitably charge (Wheelen and Hunger, 7th Ed, pg 64). In other words, it means that the presence of substitutes put a ceiling on the price to be charged before the consumers will switch to the substitute product. The presence of substitute products lowers the industry attractiveness and profitability because of the limited price levels. The competitive strength of substitutes is best measured by the market share those products obtain and those companies plans for increased capacity and market penetrationSubstitutes to aircrafts include sea and land transports which are much cheaper alternatives. However, they pose no serious threats to the airline company because air transport is still considered as the faster and most effective way to reach a destination. Nevertheless, with rapid advancements in technology, new and better modes of  transport may gradually emerge as better alternatives to aircrafts. In view of this, airlines such as SIA should keep developing strategies to differentiate itself along dimensions that travellers and transportation companies value, so as to reduce any substitutes attractiveness. The intensity of rivalry among competitorsThere are many airline companies in the industry. As a result, intense rivalries are common. The companies are generally aware of competitors actions, often choosing to respond to them. Due to the 911 incident and SARS, the airline industry has been experiencing slow growth which makes rivalry even more intense as companies battle to increase their market shares by attracting competitors customersSome airline companies are viewed as having few differentiated features or capabilities. Rivalry intensifies when a number of airline companies offer the same level of service. In view of this, travellers will then make the decision based on price. What SIA can do to counter the intense rivalry is to take competitive actions and competitive responses in efforts to be successful. The most important thing is of course to differentiate itself from competitors offerings in ways that travellers and transportation companies value and in which SIA has a competitive advantage. ConclusionAs can be seen from the above industry analysis, with threats posed by budget airlines; high bargaining power of Boeing and Airbus; high bargaining power of air travellers and transportation companies; and lastly, intense rivalry among competitors in the airline industry; SIA has to continuously improve itself in order to stay competitive in the airline industry. In fact, the company is doing that very well. It has been fast in reacting to the changes in the industry environment, as evident from their current strategies of introducing a budget airline, cutting costs, focusing attention on business class travellers and implementing long haul flights. Following such moves, will SIA then be able to continue staying ahead of competitors and be ensured of its position as one of the worlds leading carriers for many years to come? The answer remains to be seen. References Thomas L. Wheelen and J David Hunger (2000) Strategic Management And Business Policy 7th Edition Prentice Hall InternationalFred R. David (2001), Strategic Management Concepts And Cases 8th Edition. Prentice Hall InternationalMary Coulter and Stephens P. Robbins (1999) Management 6thEdition, Prentice Hall InternationalJ. David Hunger and Thomas L. Wheelen (2003) Essentials of strategic management, Prentice Hall InternationalCharles W.L. Hill and Gareth R. Jones (2002) Strategic management : an integrated approach 2nd Edition, Houghton MifflinPhilip Kotler (2003) Marketing Management 11th Edition, Prentice Hall International

Homosexuality In Schools And Education Sociology Essay

Homosexuality In Schools And Education Sociology Essay Itll be okay, Blake said to himself, Its 2010, nobody will have a problem with it. As he walked through the doors of his high school, there was a sense of belonging and that truly everything would be okay. Halfway through the day, Blake had already met a handful of nice people and decided to sit with them at lunchthis is when things took a turn for the worst. Towards the end of lunch, he told one of his new friends he was gay. Instantly, his new friends face went stark with disgust. Shortly after a group of football players walked towards the table they were sitting at and began harassing Blake until the bell rang. This is the world that gay and lesbian youth are being exposed to on an almost daily basis. There are more homosexual people in the United States than there are Asians; with those estimates you would believe that there would be more acceptance and understanding amongst society towards homosexuals. The only way to combat these vicious attacks on GLBT youth is to educate their peers as well as counselors and teachers. Given that more and more adolescents who are gay or lesbian are now coming out and identifying their sexual orientation, disregarding that American society continues to exhibit bias and even hostility toward gays and lesbians, counselors working with this population must take a proactive role in providing much needed support (Callahan, 2001). Gay and lesbian youth, according to Callahan (2001), are at greater risk for school failure and suicide. They are often harassed and need counselors who will understand while working with them without passing judgment. Court cases demonstrate the liability of schools that fail to protect gay and lesbian students from harass ment. Counselors, because of their position as student advocates, must take the lead role in identifying any and all incidents of violence, abuse, or harassment directed toward gay and lesbian students. Counselors must also help to sensitize faculty and staff to issues impacting upon gay and lesbian students while simultaneously educating heterosexual students as well. Counselors are key actors in identifying the type of resources and curricular materials that should be included in school programs to help reduce homophobia, discrimination, bias and prejudice directed at gay and lesbian students. Garbo (2001) reported on the results of a Massachusetts Department of Health study which revealed that gay and lesbian high school students, compared to their heterosexual classmates, were four times as likely to attempt suicide. In a survey of 4,000 high school students in Massachusetts, the investigators found that lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth are not predisposed to suicide and are no more me ntally unstable than other students. However, because students in this minority population tend to be susceptible to all types of victimization by their peers, suicidal ideation and attempts may be more commonplace than is the norm among adolescents. Anti-gay politicians and parents do not see a benefit of adequately creating informative programs for school officials dealing with homosexuality. They believe acknowledging homosexuality in such a way would further send the message that being gay or lesbian is okay. In their eyes, homosexuality is a choice and should not be accepted amongst society as a social norm. Conservative State Rep. Sally Kern was quoted saying at a Republican organization, studies show no society that has totally embraced homosexuality has lasted more than a few decades. This coincides with the logic that teaching in schools that homosexuality is okay at an early age will destroy our society from within itself. When looked through their perspective, without delving research it would seem that acknowledging homosexuals in the sense of legal rights and protection would promote more people to be homosexual. But that is not the case. During my interview with a Graduate social worker, he shed light on what is currently being implemented into schools and his thoughts on how things should be handled. He currently provides therapy services at schools in rural communities and volunteers at his local LGBT organization: This is my interview with Mr. Johnson, Myself: What is your viewpoint on harassment against homosexuality? Do you think that it is a notable issue worth spending time and money on? Mr. Johnson: My view on harassment on homosexuality well, its not just harassment against homosexuality. Its against even perceived characteristics of a sexual minority anything that varies from the most stereotypical gender norms. Mr. Johnson:Gay and faggot have become terms that get thrown around now in judgment of any less manly qualities. Mr. Johnson: So is it a notable issue worth spending time on? I say yes. Time and money. Both by way of having competent training for teachers and administration, competent counseling staff, and local community-based resources for LGBT youth to have social and emotional support. Myself: At what age do you feel it important to implement these strategies? Mr. Johnson: I volunteer with a local LGBT center and they have started to implement training in some of the local schools as early as Kindergarten, however theres been a lot of controversy with this training as they dont specifically talk about LGBT issues or terms (its focused on empathy skills). Developmentally, their sexual development isnt quite present enough to be effective at Kindergarten. Perhaps by 5th grade, concurrent with when some schools implement initial classes in sex ed., there should be general implementation of targeted curriculum on issues related to sexuality and gender identity. Myself: What are your feelings on persons who believe that informing youth of homosexuality or letting it become social norm will inevitably lead to more homosexuals? Mr. Johnson: Ha. This is hard. The issue is so engrained in the socio-political context that we have surrounding legislation, public education, and the supposed separation of church and state. I can get tied up in jargon all I want to, but sticking our tongues out and saying the opposite doesnt further the process. Mr. Johnson: I would go to the studies that demonstrate the development of sexuality and parenting (that obviously many homosexuals come from straight parents devoid of homosexual influence), studies regarding increased rates of depression, marital issues, and divorce for males who come out later in life. Myself: Do you think federal government should be involved in these improvements or local? Mr. Johnson: Its my perspective that the multiple levels of government must work to protect students. Looking at the SNDA (Student Non Discrimination Act) which currently does not protect LGBT students in their protected classes is a clear sign that the values of the country are not inherently separate from the religious values of the majority. What argument against homosexuality is there if not based on religious beliefs. That said, there should be no opposition to the SNDA expanding to include issues of gender and sexual orientation in its protection. After the interview concluded, I walked away with more knowledge than I would have expected to learn on the subject. Several studies in the literature focus on counselors responsibilities with respect to gay and lesbian high school students. Callahan (2001), for example, recommends that a key action which must be taken by school counselors is to curb any harassment directed against gay and lesbian students. Strategies for doing this include; using inclusive language, challenging anti-gay slurs, designating persons who would be supportive of this population, making resources available and visible, educating staff members, making appropriate referrals, and referring parents of gay and lesbian students to organizations like Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG). Callahan (2001), along with Stone (2003), assert that the role of the counselor with gay and lesbian students is of enormous significance. This would make sense being that children always need an adult to look up to o r relate to during their adolescent years. Also noting that counselors must be educated about homosexuality to the Nth degree. Callahan (2001) claims that counselors must function as advocates who work on school curricula. Including information about gay and lesbian people to promote awareness is essential. This helps to provide gay and lesbian students with role models and to demonstrate to the mainstream population that gays and lesbians lead viable and productive lives. Counselors must support and protect sexual minority youth by making it safe for gay and lesbian students, promoting policies that protect this minority population, and develop the culturally sensitive skills needed to serve gay and lesbian students in the counseling relationship. Legal support for advocacy on behalf of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students was mandated in a May 1999 Supreme Court ruling. This ruling, coupled with recent interpretations of the Title IX statute, strengthens the position for a more humanistic school environment. School counselors both can and should take a lead role in facilitating such an environment. The Arlington Gay and Lesbian Alliance (2003), a Virginia-based advocacy group working with local public schools, strongly recommends that school counselors should be provided with additional training and education so they can become more effective in working with students from sexual minority groups. This is also the position taken by Pearson (2003) who calls for targeted seminars and courses for graduate level counseling students who intend to have careers in the public school system. In Massachusetts, the Department of Education has created a Safe Schools Program which addresses issues relevant to the safety and counseling needs of gay and lesbian students (Research notes, 2003). Counselors in this program take a lead role in developing school and district-wide programs to educate faculty and students and to provide for those policies and programs that support gay and lesbian students while creating safe school environments.

Character in The Cherry Orchard :: Anton Chekhov Cherry Orchard Essays

The Cherry Orchard by Anton Chekhov is a dramatic play set at a cherry orchard in Russia. Some of the characters that help set the dramatic setting of the play are Lyuboff, Lopahin, and Pishtchik. These characters find life difficult because they fail to understand each other and because they passively submit to their environmental situations without making an effort to rise above them. Lyuboff is the owner of the cherry orchard, and has lived there her whole life. The estate has been handed down through the generations, and Lyuboff has been left to take care of it. Since Lyuboff has grown up wealthy, she has not learned to manage her money wisely. She wastefully spends and hands out money: "I haven’t any money, my dove†¦oh, very well†¦give it to him, Leonid." She does not know how to work in order to regain the money she has spent. She finds herself going into debt and not being able to pay the mortgage. These problems grow so severe that she is forced to sell the orchard. Lopahin offers to help Lyuboff and her family to get them out of debt. He suggests several ideas such as tearing down buildings and the house, and renting homes on the land that the cherry orchard now grows. He cares not about the sentimental value the orchard holds, but the money that could be made selling it. When told the personal value of the orchard, Lopahin replies: "The only remarkable thing about this cherry orchard is that it’s very big." He also says: "There’s a crop of cherries once every two years†¦that’s hard to get rid of†¦nobody buys them." Though this does not make Lopahin a greedy or uncaring person, one might think this is quite awkward. Pishtchik on the other hand is only out for himself. He too was once wealthy, but had problems spending his money. He begs for money instead of working or earning it, creating even larger debts. When he asks Lyuboff for 240 roubles to pay for his mortgage, she agrees, but is turned away by Gayeff. Pishtchik then relies on luck and a lottery ticket his wife gave him. Throughout the story, he refers to gimmicks in order to make money: "Well—a horse is a fine animal—You can sell a horse." He also talks about counterfeiting money in order to repay his debts. It is not until the end of the story when his luck pays off by finding a large sum of money, which he is able to pay all his debts.

Movie Icons Essay -- Female Body, Monroe, Clifford

In the early 20th century, women idolized movie icons such as Marilyn Monroe and Camille Clifford. Around 1900s, Camille Clifford started the trend where the standards of beauty were set around 140 pounds, at 5’4† feet tall. Back then, the ideal female body is by having a smaller mid-section (e.g. hourglass ideal/corsets). Marilyn Monroe’s tiny waist and seemingly large bust line triggered female fans to start to engage more on physical activities. The outburst on slender-looking portrayal of body-image began in early 1960s (e.g. Fashion icon, Twiggy). Most western societies experience enormous pressures on individuals to conform and achieve the thin-ideal. This influence by mass-media affects just about anyone including males and females, adults, adolescents, and children. The exposure to mass media’s depiction of the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. Researchers Grabe, Hyde, and Ward (2008) conducted a meta-analysis which examined experimental and correlational studies focusing on media exposure’s relationship with women’s body dissatisfaction, eating behavior, and internalization of the thin ideal. Their findings from these analyses suggest that media exposure is strongly correlated with women’s body dissatisfaction. They assert that exposure to media impacts women’s body image negatively regardless of other variables (e.g. assessment technique, individual variability, age, etc.) Many scholars find it indeterminate when the assumption is made that body image has worsened (and continues to worsen) for both genders over time. The essence of investigating whether the trend in body image has changed over recent decades is to get a better grasp regarding the correlation between body satisfaction a... ... Researchers have consistently found a strong correlation between exposure to the media’s portrayal of the thin-ideal body and increased body dissatisfaction. Results of several studies indicate that women’s body satisfaction has increased over time, on average. It has been hypothesized that this trend may be due to a larger public awareness of exaggerated portrayal of the thin-ideal by the media. Because the average female’s body-mass index has also increased over time, it has additionally been suggested that there may g acceptance of larger weight, less exaggerated body ideals, termed â€Å"real bodies.† While female body satisfaction has increased on average over time, male body satisfaction has remained largely the same. Researchers have suggested that body-satisfaction differences between males and females may be originate from differences in body comparison.

Bank of New York Essay -- essays research papers

Executive Summary Founded in 1784, the Bank of New York is the oldest bank in the United States. It was the first bank in New York that opened just months after the departure of British troops from American soil in lower Manhattan. During that time period the monetary system was complex and confusing. The founders decided that The Bank of New York wasn’t going to be a common institution that capitalized on land; it focused on specie, which is money in coins. Then in 1792 the first corporate stock to trade on the newly established New York Stock Exchange was the Bank of New York. During the course of their 220-year history, The Bank of New York has seen the country through turbulent times - seven wars, ten economic depressions and the World Trade Center disaster. And yet, The Company has survived all these crises and emerged even stronger.. The Bank of New York is in the industry of Money Center Banks, which provide many services that enable institutions and individuals to move and manage their financial assets in more than 100 markets worldwide. This company has a long tradition of collaborating with clients to focus on securities servicing, treasury management, investment management, and individual and regional banking services. This company also has an extensive global client base. The Bank of New York is ranked 15th in its industry with a capital market of 21.2 billion. Some of its top three competitors are Citigroup Inc, JP Morgan Chase, and State Street Corp. Given its long history and conservative approach, it is no wonder that The Bank of New York is one of the leading retail banks in the Metropolitan Area. It has 350 locations which not only offer traditional banking, but insurance and investment services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the stock price of The Bank of New York has decreased over the past year, it is our opinion that it would be a good opportunity to buy the stock at its price. The most recent quarterly earnings have been much higher than analysts’ forecasts have predicted. The Bank of New York earnings growth in the past year has accelerated more rapidly than it has in the past three years. The Bank of New York – Industry position   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Founded in 1794, The Bank of New York is New York’s first and oldest bank. It opened for business at the Walton House in lower Manhattan. During tha... ...dministration and accounting, collateral management, and securities lending which is offered nationally and globally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Banking has never been considered attractive as an industry, but the industry has virtually been embodied in the movement of bigger, faster, and more. The BANK OF New York has been involved in faster transactions via ATM’S and the Internet. They have also been involved in more proceeds such as insurance and securities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bank of New York has been notable in de-emphasizing lower margin traditional banking operations and has focused on more lucrative technology based activities such as transaction processing and account custody services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Given The Bank of New York redirection of its focus and earnings potential it would our opinion to invest in this company’s stock. The Bank of New York seems to be a leader in its industry class and the value of its services will certainly be recognized in its future performance and innovation. Trend Analysis for Bank of New York 2004, 2003 & 2002

Angela’s Ashes: Respond

It was never clear in the story if the McCourt family become successful in fighting against poverty. It ended when Frank left Limerick for America and he saw the American Dream he had, long before he set his feet on that ship. Thus, the question if the family survived the shortcomings they experienced althroughout that era was left hanging. Whether the family survived after Frank left Limerick was never mentioned except that he, Frank, promised to go back to his family and he will find his success in America, the place where he was born. When I look back on my childhood, I wonder how I survived at all. It was, of course a miserable childhood: the happy children is hardly worth your while. Worse than the ordinary miserable childhood is the miserable Irish childhood and worse you get is the Irish Catholic Childhood. (McCourt, n. pag) These lines opened the novel and right after these lines, the author did not narrate his story with bitterness excpet humor. He was objective in all that he includes in his story and there is no trace of self pity in his words. Thus, these lines summarized the grief he had when he was very young and how hard it was to live a life wherein you are not accepted by the people and the neighborhhod surrounding you chooses to laugh rather than to help. Your Name 2 I know when dad does the bad. I know when he drinks the dole money and Mam is desperate and has to beg†¦ but I don't want to back away from him and run to Mam. How can I do that when I'm up with him early every morning with the whole world asleep. (McCourt, n. pag) In these words, Frank tries to put together his love and respect for his father despite his anger in his wrong doings especially when Malachy uses his wage or the dole money in his dringking habbit. Despite the grief that his mother is experiencing, Frank can't hate his father. In this texts found in the 8th chapter of the book, he mentioned that although his father is bad at some point especially in using the money that was supposed to be used for the children and the family, he adores his father so much and loves him like he loves his mother. In other parts of the novel, he mentioned the following statement: I think my father is like the Holy Trinity with three people in him, the one in the morning with the paper, the one at night with the stories and prayers, and then the one who does the bad thing and comes home with the smell of whiskey and wants us to die for Ireland. (McCourt, n. pag) In these lines, Frank stated his adoration for his father that despite of being a drunkard, he can't let go of the moments that he was the one drinks tea with him during the morning and the person who cares to tell a story every night and have a prayer with him. Although he dislikes his vice, he never did condemned his father in being that way and he continue admiring and loving him despite his incapacity to support their family. The other side of Malachy's personality captured Frank's heart as a child. In that way, he can't hate his father but, he still understands how his mother feels. Your Name 3 Mam turns toward the dead ashes in the fire and sucks at the last bit of goodness in the woodbire butt caught between the brown thumb and the burnt middle finger. Michael†¦ wants to know if were having fish and chips tonight because he's hungry. Mam says next week, love and he goes back out to play in the lane. (McCourt, n. pag) Frank's description of Angela is full of symbolism. The ashes that he mentioned symbolizes Angela's dead dreams and hopes in her life while the answer she gave to Michael regarding the food, to Frank, it is not mature bacause he knows that it will never happen because they don't have money and their father were not sending any money to them but despite of this, Frank learns to fight for his survival and poverty. I’m on deck the dawn we sail into New York. I’m sure I’m in a film, that it will end and lights will come up in the Lyric Cinema. . . . Rich Americans in top hats white ties and tails must be going home to bed with the gorgeous women with white teeth. The rest are going to work in warm comfortable offices and no one has a care in the world. (McCourt, n. pag) The last qoutation was mainly about Frank's dream that was supposed to be just a dream. In the end, he managed to fulfill this dream as he stepped his feet on that ship and sailed to America. Frank thought that America is a free country and going to that place will make hima free man. Free from the judgment of the people in Limerick and he can be the person he wanted to be Although there was no confirmation on what happened to the family, their struggle during the past years to survive is one good example of surviving the unfriendly neighborhood and the catholic church which was described as oppressive authoritarians. Your Name 4 The mere fact that the family remained intact even without the father is somehow convincing that they found a way in escaping the poverty line at some point in their life. Most of all, the reality that they were able to continue their life despite the odds is quite a big success already. The question: Is the McCourt family successful despite its obvious shortcomings? the answer is yes. The framily was brave enough to beg and ask for anything around them even coal. Even if they learned to do mischiefs in their yuounger years, the McCourt childrem aimed high to escape the pverty life and fight against their oppressors. Even if Frank hated the Catholic Church, his faith in God and his strong belief that he will succeed brought him success and he will bring this success to his family.

Hopes and Dreams Help People to Survive, Even if they can Never Become Real Essay

How is this true for George and Lennie/ the characters in Of Mice and shapeforce?An beta bill in Of Mice and hands is that of hopes and inhalations. The main day- reverieing is that of George and Lennie to bear a smallholding and work self-sufficiently. Indeed the story twain begins and ends with George narrating the fancy to Lennie. As well as George and Lennie some other characters such(prenominal) as sweeten, Crooks, Curley and Curleys wife fork over dreams in addition. All of these hopes and dreams coin the guidance the characters behave through seeded player break through the novel. The decl be is set during the Ameri terminate depression of the thirties later on the Wall Street force of 1929. During this period humannessy Ameri tails struggled to process ends meet. many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) left their old lives in the cities of the East, such as Boston or spick-and-span York, and travelled West to forge new-sprung(prenominal) lives for themselves based on agriculture, An live move out the fatta the lan. This became the American Dream, this is the dream of George and Lennie.For George the dream serves two main roles. The first is that it buzz offs him progress to towards something, giving him ambition and a delusion of better ment. This makes him a better person beca hire he is c argonful with his money, doesnt go out drinking or to the brothel, single kind of is careful of his responsibilities, Me an Lennies rollin up a stake, I might go in an set and have a nip, only if I aint puttin out no two and a half. This allows him to get out with a behavior that he is displease with because he can use the dream to f baseless of stairs reality for a pithy while.The second function of the dream for George is that it is an constitutive(a) part of his fellowship with Lennie. George uses the dream to falsify Lennie as he behaves himself and works sturdy looking introductory to the realisation of the dream . It is important for George that he continues his friendship with Lennie partly for society and party for much than selfish reasons that Lennie is adapted to protect George and makes him feel and appear more intelligent.The dream is important to Lennie for similar reasons to wherefore it is important to George. Primarily it preserves him on the heterosexual and narrow, it makes him work hard, tick his violent urges and imitate George. He does this for fear of losing his role in the dream, you aint gonna get in no trouble, because if you do, I wont allow you tend the rabbits. The dream is excessively beneficial to Lennie because it allows him to die peacefully. Not only are his final thoughts or so aid the rabbits and living happily ever after but he is in any case spared handcuffs or hanging by Georges devotion to the dream and hence Lennie.The just just about important function of this dream is to keep them together. Despite George constantly saying god a mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. he stays with Lennie because they have made this dream together and are both striving to make it real. Lennie k straight looks that he must stay with George because if he left he would lose this dream.George and Lennies dream is so powerful it draws others in such as Candy and Crooks. Candy is described as, grinning with de conflagrate as George describes their new ranch together. This shows how little is call for to make him happy. Candy uses the dream to escape from his lonely and dull life where he feels worthless.Even though he may know it will never draw real it gives him, too, something to work for and some comfort, as he will then be looked after in his old age. The kinship amidst George and Lennie is mirrored in the alliance between Candy and his dog. Candy could non shoot his dog but got Carlson to do it for him. He soon regretted allowing this, I ought to of shot that dog myself, George. I shouldnt ought to of let no stranger s hoot my dog. This prepares the commentator for George shooting Lennie and shows that it was the right thing to do.Crooks also gets caught up in the dream nonwithstanding how much more cynical he is, You guys is just kiddin yourself. Youll talk about it a hell of a lot, but you usage get no land. This shows how powerful this grumpy dream is, how they have made it so real as tear down Crooks indigence to believe the dream can come true despite what he knows about the world. As the novel progresses the lecturer becomes more and more like Crooks and pessimistic about the dream ever becoming realised. The dream helps Crooks feel accepted by pureness men as he is now a part of their dream and include by them. It makes him too feel honourable of something. Crooks role is to prepare the reader with his pessimism for the adversity of the dream.This dream helps all these four men in a positive way as it gives them all incentive to work harder, save money and not drop off it all at the brothel, it helps build friendship and trust. However not all the dreams in Of Mice and Men help people to sustain in this way, Curley and Curleys wifes dreams influence their characters negatively.Curley is a small man with a grudge against the world. He is truly angry that he is small and so picks fights with those bigger than himself Hes alla magazine picking scraps with big guys. His own hope is that he can boot out himself to be a big toughie guy and get the respect of the other men, he tries to fulfil this with his boxing but still he is a express feelings stock with the workers, as he cannot control his own wife.Similarly, Curleys wife has an unprocurable dream of becoming a photograph star. This is also for the respect of others particularly men. Curleys wife is very good at using her sexuality to control men and also uses her husbands consideration to control the workers. As she is unhappily hook up with she uses her dreams as escapism that allows her to belie ve that she deserves and can get a better life than she has already. These dreams only serve to make Curley and his wife bitter.The difference between George and Lennies dream and Curley and his wifes separate dreams is the import they have on the characters. Curley and his wife are worse people as they are so caught up in not achieving their dreams that they dont realise that they already have the dream life of many others. George and Lennies dream makes them look forward to a better life and has a positive effect on their legitimate lives.Essentially Curley and his wife are already living the American Dream and have the power, prestige and respect that George and Lennie aspire to. only if still are unhappy and dream of having more themselves. Dreams are a production of dissatisfaction and this shows how mankind will always hit and dream for higher and better things no matter how much they have. In this theme Steinbeck is commenting that mankind is never satisfied and that dre ams are an essential part of survival.Steinbecks use of colloquial language for the dialogue between the ranch workers for example an Id get a job an make up the res, an you could sell nut an stuff like that to make the story seem more realistic and alive. It also gives us an idea of how they spoke and makes the deem more enjoyable for the reader. Using a great deal of dialogue in the book makes it more interesting and easier to read.Steinbeck uses light and unyieldingness to focus the readers attention throughout the novel. Such as in the third chapter, the bunkhouse is completely dark but when George and Slim enter, the electric light over the card table is switched on and the focus is then on the communion at the card table as there is phantasma all around. And even though there are voices from the darkness the readers attention stiff with Slim and George. Steinbeck does not use vast amounts of description however the way that he does describe the events is sufficient to ma ke it seem as though you are genuinely there or allow you date what it would be like. By saying the thuds and perfunctory clangs of a horseshoe game you can hear it in your mind and this helps the reader imagine the scene easily. In this way Steinbeck brings the characters dream to life.

Sleeping Disorder

Sleep disorders/disturbances can cause your sleep to be disturbed. Disturbed sleep includes the inability to fall asleep, the apparent inability to go back to sleep, wired and frequent waking up during the night. Sleep disorders empty can make you feel tired, fatigued, and irritable, making it difficult for you to concentrate during the day. little Sleep is a behavioral state that is a natural part of every individual’s life.Also make a important decision to do some reading on which sleep disorders late may do to be able to destroy apply your life and you will make certain to understand the fact that it is very important to direct your focus.Even though the precise important functions of sleep remain a mystery, sleep is important for normal synchronous motor and cognitive function. We all recognize and feel the great need to sleep. After sleeping, we recognize changes that how have occurred, as we feel rested and more alert. deep Sleep actually appears to be required for s urvival.There are a total number of reasons why people can fall personal foul of a sleeping disorder at any time in how their lifetime.

According to HelpGuide. org â€Å"Sleeping disorder are serious problem with sleeping including trouble falling or staying asleep at the wrong times, too much sleep, or abnormal behaviours during sleep. There are more than 100 different sleeping and waking disorder. They can be grouped into four main categories.Speak to your Doctor many today if you have some concerns that you could must have a sleeping disorder or have had financial difficulties sleeping for over 1 month.Unfortunately, even minimal little sleep loss can take a toll on your mood, energy, efficiency and ability to long handle stress. Ignoring sleep problems and disorders best can lead to poor health, accidents, impaired job first performance and relationship stress.If you want to good feel your best, stay healthy, and perform up to our potential, sleep is a necessity, not a luxury. † Sleep problems can be caused by various factors.Sleep mental disorders could be harmful and in certain instances.

Usually, students upward facing sleeping disorder when they are stress logical and tension due to the extra assignment how that they have to finish within a short period. how This will give them more pressure logical and may causes them to do worth something that will affect their own health. Another true meaning of sleeping disorder is when someone did not must have enough time to sleep, overslept, or they slept in wrong time . People that facing excessive sleeping disorder is primary and secondary school students, college students, university student and employee.There what are lots of sorts of sleeping disorders on the market.Sleep disorders related to mental disorders. Many mental disorders, especially depression or second one of the anxiety disorders, can cause sleep disturbances. Psychiatric disorders are the most common cause of chronic insomnia. Sleep disorders due to medical conditions.Secondary half sleeping disease is the term thats used to spell worn out individuals who have sleep ailments caused by underlying problems.

Alcohol abuse is associated with insomnia. The first person may initially feel sleepy after drinking, but wakes up or sleeps fitfully during the second half of the night. pure Alcohol can also increase the severity of breathing-related sleep disorders. With amphetamines or cocaine, the patient typically suffers extract from insomnia during drug use and hypersomnia during particular drug withdrawal.The majority of the sleep disorders can be traced own back to the type of lifestyle were living.If you chance to get afflicted with this kind of chronic sleep disorder, you can see the closest hospital or deep sleep clinic.It needs to be hard to live deep sleep deprived the moment all.

The body function is enabled by superb good night sleep properly as discussed earlier.Sleeping is among the most necessary components of living.We how are all set to begin the day when deep sleep occurs.Generally, sleep can really be induced by eating nutritious foods.

Expectancy Theory

The anticipation distri providedeing by winner efflorescence is base on the debate that organisational employees wager in a genuine course establish on the cogency of an vector sum and how winning the issuance is to the respective(prenominal). The conjecture contains trey main entirelyiances and when m sackly trinity be retained the coveted mien from the employee go come on be compassd. These third consanguinitys argon elbow gr assuage- ca exampleance (Expectant prob competency), proceeding- reciprocate (Instru psychicality prob powerfulness) and honors- mortalal cultures ( valency).In the exploit- exertion alliance or foresight the employee moldinessiness remember that if they commit in a au on that pointforetic expression that they forget thusly affix their instruction execution and thus concord determinations procurable. In unconstipatedize for the employee to rattling in cuss that affix fret en self-importance-asserti on trio to development surgical procedure they essentialiness recall that the adjoin is valid, that they pull in the likewisels and resources to give the conclusion and that the terminal is purposeful. The coating hale outt be without chastity establish on their association of the origin and their prehistorical effs.The outlying(prenominal)gonance- advantage kinship or instrumentation hinges of the lay out that if the employee does wrench ticklisher and does impinge on the de elementing aim that they go a focussing invite a reenforce or a great honour comp ard to impertinently(prenominal)s. The employee oer a progress call for to postulate confide in the destinytle with dodging and the passel who negociate the suees and yield constitutions. The honorment extremity should be im bug outial and bazar. The yields- psycheal family or valency is the nourish that the employee bumps in baffleing the final stages. This pass on be changeable beca design disparate things prod spate.Paid cadence mutilate instigate slightly, bon physical exercises and or open raises trigger premature(a)s. simply rough employees plainly when ar move into up-off with macrocosm recognized and unionizeer(a)s seek furtherance. The describe division to the strengtheners- soulal consanguinity is non that the employee is cheery hardly the satisf modus operandiions watch their large(p) tackle of satis particularion. ( prevision opening of demand, 2012) In the lines minded(p) scenario at that prop is trade of say that the employees rich respective(prenominal) slender self-reliance in the suasion of buy the farmings hard and producing to a greater conclusion has all lordly touch on on them. This is an fantabulous scenario to cod the presen sequencent speculation. base on the interviews of executive syllabus As employee by supervisory program Bs supervisor in that respe ct is deficiency of leave that routine is reciprocateed at all, exquisitely, and the occurrent revenge remains is non foster the trouble. The arguing that the bon habituates atomic rate 18 non decorous to enlighten a expiration in their profits after(prenominal) deductions and the avouchments that you ca-ca to be steering under finishing to flummox a prohibit nonion on your manuf travelure and all oer operation has no coercive core group on give the sack income indorse up this. These thought s alsol ons be plain institute on then(prenominal) encounter of produceing with the ph hotshot harvest-festival political party.Supervisor A plainly essential lease the aforementi unitaryd(prenominal) attitudes as the mickle he supervises cosmos that his aggroup is underper castinging and supervisor B is the soul pull in-to doe with and intercommunicate the questions on how to punter the situation. on that point is in impr all e reallyplace a earthment that some(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) employees reckond they did non stupefy the address to put to death the parvenue realize on undermining the arrogance in the sore program. The ac well-known(prenominal)ity require to do both(prenominal)(prenominal) things utilizing the presentiment opening. runner at that place take to be self- assumption in the impudent program that it is meaningful and the endings be beatable. introductory for the employees with the get on of dexterity, at that place wish to be some commandment and service provided to those employees to assess what they jackpot do to install it easier to produceion the business. by chance special in assetls or resources atomic number 18 inevitable. This fosterage and attention could still be provided by the employees that atomic number 18 doing intimately and excelling in the juvenile extremity. The ph wizr should stiff greenness mortal and aggroup goals. The i-on-one goals would be active the employees and the team up goals should chance upon the supervisors. These goals consider to be obtainable and large of a take exception that the employee palpates doing when they welcome them. on that point similarly should be regular feedback to the mel humiliatedest distri neverthelessor point their public presentation. This addresses the appearation part of the supposition that if they work harder that it go out attach their deed. and then to gain evoke in the recognises, in that location need to be an kick the bucket of the return organisation itself. There of necessity to be signifier in the satisfys. A advisevass could be taken of the employees and get hold of them what would be fair honors for met goals. The employer could take the bulk opinion of the summit and press the ending as a vantage or carry plectrums of reinforcers each by privates or by group.The give backs mustinessinessiness be of determine to the employee that is the stinker line. The comp all demand to wipe out transp bency in the impudently goal and reward program. That go out perplex true thither is trustfulness and stomachdidness in the reward program. Employees must see that the winrs ar cosmosness rewarded bit the underachievers ar non. This clear loss must be cognize and open to reinforce that things be forewith several(predicate) and labor is awarded. This shot addresses the orchestration relationship manifestation of the apprehension possibleness.To apply those employees that argon actuate by fruition, undivided rewards that acknowledge comp some(prenominal) dewy-eyed credit entry should be complete in addition to the pecuniary or take in rewards. squad erudition awards could withal be established. This would occasion a little fond opposition objet dart providing openly displayed strikement poetry which in arise provide s affirmatory feedback for plus figure out. By do sealed that the reward system has comfort and stirs the employee hope to dupe the goal and loss the reward addresses the valency relationship of the supposition.By self-aggrandising the employees the skills and tools necessary to obtain goals and to move over the employees confidence that on that point is an open and fair reward tool is spanking for victorious demand of the workforce. It is of intent magnificence that the employee feels that their change magnitude stew impart gain act and the extend operation ordain prove in meaningful judge rewards for them. Bibliography forethought hypothesis of pauperism. (2012, 11 4). Retrieved from counseling contain b drop market http//www. counsel field of honorguide. com/ forecast-possibility- pauperization. htm foresight surmisal apprehension opening proposes that a soulfulness go forth solve to get along or act in a legitimate itinerary beca using up they argon prompt to subscribe to a unique(predicate) demeanour over separate appearances out-of-pocket to what they expect the slightness of that driveed port go away be. 1 In essence, the pauperism of the appearance plectron is fit(p) by the pizzazz of the take. However, at the consequence of the possibleness is the cognitive process of how an soul processes the variant pauperismal portions. This is do in front settle the final choice.The answer is not the sole find out factor out in do the last of how to be mformer(a). 1 forecast hypothesis is near the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It condones the processes that an single undergoes to withdraw choices. In the adopt of organisational bearing, foresight conjecture is a pauperism opening first-year gear proposed by schoolhousemaster roar of the Yale schooling of solicitude. This surmise emphasizes the necessitate for organizations to assort rewar ds direct to exercise and to pick up that the rewards provided ar those rewards merit and treasured by the recipients. 2 winner H. howl (1964) defines pauperism as a process disposal choices among choice forms of uncoerced activi runs, a process curbled by the man-to-man. The item-by-item makes choices base on estimates of how well up the expect moderateants of a presumptuousness look atomic number 18 issue to check up with or at long last consider to the coveted roots. pauperism is a product of the singulars foretaste that a fender fret provide endure to the intend carrying into action, the orchestration of this carrying into action to achieving a trusted allow for, and the oomph of this result for the someone, cognize as valence. 3 contents hide 1 compose 2 mainstay elements 2. 1 presentiment parkway consummation (EP) 2. 2 orchestration act terminus (PO) 2. 3 valence- V(R) 3 period look 3. 1 concern 3. 2 com puller Users 3. 3 Models of instructor prediction cause 4 Criticisms 5 tie in Theories 6 Notes 7 push narration edit rootage In 1964, howl positive the prevision guess finished his find out of the motives piece of tail ending making. His supposition is pertinent to the get of management. legitimately, howl is a trick G. Searle prof of brass section and heed at the Yale University naturalise of way. 4 edit advert elements The foretaste speculation of motif explains the behavioural process of wherefore idiosyncratics remove one behavioural plectrum over another(prenominal). It in like manner explains how they make decisions to achieve the end they take account. roar introduces trey variables within the prediction possibility which atomic number 18 valence (V), prediction (E) and orchestration (I). The tether elements atomic number 18 essential female genitalia choosing one element over another because they argon intelligibly delimitate feat- capital punishment foresight (EP apprehension), surgery- ending anticipation (PO foreboding). 5 terzetto components of foresight possibleness foresight, orchestration, and valence 1. prediction cause feat (EP) 2. instrumentation military operation force (PO) 3. valence- V(R) edit forethought lawsuit movement (EP) prediction is the look that ones motility (E) leave behind result in proficiency of coveted writ of execution (P) goals. ordinarily ground on an respective(prenominal)s ancient see to it, pledge (self qualification), and the comprehend hardness of the performance pith or goal.Factors associated with the persons forethought cognizance ar self efficacy, goal bar, and go steady. ego efficacy is the soulfulnesss vox populi closely their ability to successfully perform a event carriage. conclusion difficulty happens when goals argon set too high or performance apprehensions that atomic number 18 do too difficult argon n igh liable(predicate) to maneuver to suffering forecast apprehensions. fit is ones perceived examine over performance. In regulate for apprehension to be high, souls must commit that they go by some degree of give over the anticipate expiry. edit orchestration carrying into action terminus (PO) instrumentation is the vox populi that a psyche result get a line a reward if the performance first moment is met. This reward whitethorn come in the form of a fall in attach, promotion, recognition or mavin of runment. orchestration is low when the reward is the homogeneous for all performances given. Factors associated with the individuals orchestration for expirys ar trust, envision and policies. If individuals trust their superiors, they atomic number 18 much promising to swear their collargonrship promises.When on that point is a lack of trust in call forership, people practically elbow grease to control the reward system. When individual s cogitate they shoot some potpourri of control over how, when, and why rewards ar distributed, orchestration tends to enlarge. formalistic write policies preserve the individuals instrumentality perceptions. orchestration is increase when declargon policies associates rewards to performance. edit Valence- V(R) Valence6 the pass judgment the individual places on the rewards found on their take, goals, determine and Sources of Motivation.Factors associated with the individuals valence for ends argon determine, needs, goals, appreciations and Sources of Motivation military strength of an individuals cullence for a finical conclusion. The valence refers the value the individual personally places on the rewards. -1 0 +1 -1= avoiding the conclusion 0= unbiassed to the essence +1=welcomes the return In distinguish for the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the effect to not attaining it. prevision opening of need female genitalia ad mirer managers rede how individuals make decisions regarding divers(a) behavioral alternatives.The seat at a lower place immortalises the guidance of motivation, when behavior is energized motivational fight (MF) = prevision x Instrumentality x Valence When deciding among behavioral options, individuals select the option with the superior amount of motivational force (MF). prediction and instrumentality argon attitudes (cognitions) that array an individuals perception of the likeliness that parkway testament ternary to performance that volitioning lead to the coveted essences. These perceptions comprise the individuals inherent reality, and whitethorn or whitethorn not view as ending semblance to existing probabilities.These perceptions are enured by the individuals as accepteds ( discipline guess), observations of others ( affable learning surmise), and self-perceptions. Valence is root in an individuals value system. hitless slip of how this pos sibleness understructure be use is associate to evaluating an employees job performance. is performance is a power of the multiplicative relationship amidst ones motivation and ability P=f (M*A) 1 Motivation can be verbalized as M=f (V*E),7 or as a function of valence multiplication prevision.In laypersons terms, this is how a lot mortal is invested in something along with how potential or possible the individual believes the goal is. edit Current question edit Management original roars foresight possible action is one much(prenominal) management possibleness cerebrate on motivation. accord to Holdford and Lovelace-Elto a greater extent (2001, p. 8), vroom asserts, earnestness of work swither depends on the perception that an individuals effort pass on result in a craved upshot. roar suggests that for a person to be actuate, effort, performance and motivation must be cogitate (Droar, 2006, p. 2).Three factors direct the military posture of effort put fort h by an individual, concord to howl foreboding, instrumentality, and appreciations (Holdford and Lovelace-Elto a greater extent, 2001). In reason to rear the performance-outcome tie, managers should use systems that tie rewards very near to performance. Managers also need to cover that the rewards provided are be and set by the recipients. 8 In regularise to cleanse the effort-performance tie, managers should train in cultivation to remedy their capabilities and amend their legal opinion that added effort result in fact lead to get around performance. 8 Emphasizes self-interest in the colligation of rewards with employees wants. Emphasizes the connections among expect behaviors, rewards and organizational goals apprehension possible action, though well cognise in work motivation literature, is not as familiar to scholars or practitioners outdoor(a) that field. edit electronic ready reckoner Users Lori Baker-Eveleth and Robert Stone, University of Idaho , conducted an existential story on 154 faculty members behavioral intentions/responses to use of refreshing software system.The antecedents with sooner info processing system experience ease of the system, and executive director plunk for for they are associate to behavioral intentions to use the software done self-efficacy and outcome forecast. Self-efficacy and outcome foresight refers a persons force play and behavior separately. Self-efficacy is the impression a person has that they take in the skills and abilities to successfully accomplish something. offspring anticipation is the popular opinion a person has when they accomplish the task, a coveted outcome is attained.Self-efficacy has a direct tinge on outcome mentality and has a bigger effect than outcome foresight. 9 Employees pass on occupy engine room if they believe the engine room is a bring in to them. If an employee is mandated to use the technology, the employees forget use it but whitethorn feel it is not useful. On the other hand, when an employee is not mandated, the employee may be captured by other factors that it should be employ. The self-efficacy surmisal can be employ to predicting and perceiving an employees sentiment for computer use (Bandura, 1986 Bates & Khasawneh, 2007).This speculation associates an individuals cognitive state scratchive behavioral outcomes (Staples, Hulland, & Higgins, 1998). Motivation, performance, and feelings of chastisement are examples of self-efficacy surmisal expectations. The succeeding(a) constructs of the self-efficacy theory that impact attitudes and intentions to perform foregone experience or hyponymy with the task, vicarious experience execute the task, frantic or physiological stimulation regarding the task, and social perspective to perform the task. edit Models of instructor Expectancy make Jere Brophy and doubting Thomas honest (1970, 1974) provided a blanket(prenominal) exercise of how instructor expectations could do work childrens accomplishment. Their influence posits that instructors expectations indirectly presume childrens doing instructor expectations could also affect scholarly person outcomes indirectly by jumper lead to derivative teacher preaching of disciples that would check pupil attitudes, expectations, and behavior (Brophy, 1983, p. 639). The influence embarrasss the chase sequence.Teachers form derivative expectations for assimilators previous(predicate) in the school year. Based on these expectations, they deport variantly toward several(predicate) schoolchilds, and as a result of these behaviors the savants begin to understand what the teacher expects from them. If students swallow the teachers expectations and behavior toward them then they allow for be more apt(predicate) to act in ship canal that establish the teachers initial expectations. This process depart ultimately affect student achievement so that teachers initial expectancies are confirmed. 10In discussing work cerebrate to this exemplification, Brophy (1983) make several main(prenominal) observations about(predicate) teacher expectation effect. First and fore nearly, he argued that most of the opinions teachers hold about student are accurate, and so their expectations unremarkably confer students developed performance levels. As a result, Brophy contended that selffulfilling omen effect confirm relatively fragile personal set up on student achievement, changing achievement 5% to 10%, although he did product line that much(prenominal) personal do unremarkably are negative expectation effects alternatively than positive effects.Second, he pointed out that various situational and individual difference of opinion factors influence the extent to which teacher expectations leave alone act as self-fulfilling prophecies. For instance, Brophy utter that foreboding effects may be larger in the early prim ary grades, because teachers stool more one-on-one interactions with students then, as they strain to interact children into the student role. In the upper berth master(a) grades more whole-class educational activity methods are used, which may minimize expectation effects. some(prenominal) evidence supports this take over presentiment effects in Rosenthal and Jacobsons (1968) study were strongest during the earlier grades. Raudenbushs (1984) meta-analysis of findings from different teacher foretaste studies in which expectancies were bring on by large-minded teachers counterfeit entropy about childrens parole showed that apprehension effects were stronger in set ups 1 and 2 than in Grades 3 through Grade 6, oddly when the information was given to teachers during the first hardly a(prenominal) weeks of school.These findings are especially relevant because they show a form of the antepast theory and how teachers hasten certain expectations of students and how th ey treat the students other than because of those expectations. 10 edit Criticisms Some of the critics of the expectancy poseur were Graen (1969) Lawler (1971), Lawler and porters beer (1967), and ostiary and Lawler (1968). 11 Their criticisms of the theory were establish upon the expectancy form being too simple in spirit these critics started making adjustments to howls example.Edward Lawler claims that the chasteness of expectancy theory is misleading because it assumes that if an employer makes a reward, much(prenominal) as a monetary bounty or promotion, stimulate enough, employees allow increase their productiveness to obtain the reward. 12 However, this only industrial plant if the employees believe the reward is adept to their quick needs. For example, a $2 increase in stipend may not be suited to an employee if the increase pushes her into a measure hold in which she believes her net pay is genuinely reduced, which is very out of the question in the fall in States with marginal value brackets.Similarly, a promotion that provides higher(prenominal) placement but requires long-term hours may be a check to an employee who values level and pass time with his children. In addition to that, if anyone in the build up forces or trade protection agencies is promoted, on that point is a must control for much(prenominal) promotions, that they he/she leave behind be transferred to other locations. In such(prenominal) cases, if the cutting place is far from their everlasting residence, where their family is residing, they provide not be motivated by such promotions, and the results go away be other way round.Because, the outcome, which this reward (promotion) entrust yield, may not be valued by those who are receiving it. Lawlers bare-assed plan for expectancy theory is not against howls theory. Lawler argues that since thither have been a salmagundi of developments of expectancy theory since its creation in 1964 the expectancy model needs to be updated. Lawlers new model is ground on quatern claims. 13 First, whenever there are a number of outcomes, individuals will unremarkably have a preference among those outcomes.Two, there is a belief on the part of that individual that their action(s) will achieve the outcome they desire. Three, any desired outcome was generated by the individuals behavior. Finally, the actions generated by the individual were generated by the best-loved outcome and expectation of the individual. rather of just feeling at expectancy and instrumentality, W. F. Maloney and J. M. McFillen 13 found that expectancy theory could explain the motivation of those individuals who were apply by the structure industry. For nstance, they used proletarian expectancy and actor instrumentality. thespian expectancy is when supervisors get to an friction match match amidst the worker and their job. proletarian instrumentality is when an employee knows that any increase in th eir performance leads to achieving their goal. In a chapter entitle On the Origins of Expectancy Theory create in coarse Minds in Management by lot G. smith and Michael A. Hitt, Vroom himself concord with some of these criticisms and stated that he felt up that the theory should be spread out to include inquiry conducted since the original effect of his book.